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In the debate concerning the existence of collective armed conflict before the advent of agriculture and the emergence of wealth differentiation, Australia—a continent entirely occupied by economic egalitarian foragers until the end of the eighteenth century—provides key insights. We explore the ethnographic data, striving to build a comprehensive database of the collective fights which were recorded.
This survey brings a total of events, among which 32 display a comparatively high level of lethality, with ten killed or more, a proportion far from negligible. An examination of each testimony leads to the conclusion that they are, as a whole, likely reliable. We then briefly discuss the nature of these collective conflicts, which purposes are marked by the lack of wealth in Aboriginal societies: the two main proximate causes, by far, are rights over women and retaliation for real or supposed aggressions—notably, conflicts over territories and resources are almost absent.
We conclude that if in such technical and social circumstances, these events are fairly difficult to record ethnologically, they are almost if not totally invisible archeologically. Some researchers ascribe to war a remote origin, extending back to the biological heritage of the human species Gat Others see it as a relatively recent phenomena Fry , arguing that foragers lacking wealth, accumulated goods, permanent dwellings, and, all the more so, states, would not possess both the motivations and the means to serious confrontations, and that violence could therefore not go beyond the level of individual conflicts.
During the last 20 years, the debate was nourished by several contributions originating from archeology Allen and Jones ; Guilaine and Zammit ; Keeley ; Lahr et al. One recurrent problem, however, is the paucity of the material traces left by these possible events. The ethnographical data which shed a light upon the bellicosity of foragers also raise important difficulties.